BAB 12

TECHNICAL ANALYSIS OF ITS CASH PREDICTED

 Finance companies or better known as corporate finance is the finance company dealing with business to make funding decisions and the tools and analysis used to make decisions. The main objective of corporate finance is to maximize corporate value while managing the risks of financial firms. Although it is fundamentally different from managerial finance which studies the financial decisions of all firms, not the company itself, a key concept in studying corporate finance applicable to the financial problems of all types of companies.Discipline can be divided into long and short term decisions and techniques. Capital investment of long-term decisions about the choice of projects to receive investment, whether to finance that investment with equity or debt, and when or whether to pay dividends to shareholders. On the other hand, short-term decisions to deal with short-term balance of current assets and current liabilities, the focus here is on managing cash, inventories, and short-term borrowing and lending (such as credit terms to customers).The use of "corporate finance" the term varies around the world. In the United States is used to describe activities, decisions and techniques that deal with many aspects of corporate finance and capital. In the United Kingdom and Commonwealth countries, the term "corporate finance" and "corporate financier" tend to be associated with investment banking - that is a transaction in which the capital was raised for the company. These may include:· The development or expansion capital· Acquisition or sale of private company· Demergers and takeovers of public companies, including agreement to a public-private-· Management buy-outs, buy-ins or similar company, division or child - usually backed by private equity

Equity issues by companies, including the company's flotation on the stock exchange recognized in order to raise capital for development or to restructure the ownership. Raise capital through the issue of other forms of equity, debt and the corresponding effect for the refinancing and restructuring efforts. Joint venture financing, project finance, infrastructure finance, public-private partnerships and privatization of secondary equity issues, either personally or by placing further issues about the stock market, especially where associated with one of the transactions listed above. Cultivation of debt and debt restructuring, especially when associated with the types of transactions listed in the Corporate finance using the tools from virtually all areas of finance. Some of the tools developed by and for companies to have broad application to entities other than companies, for example, to partnerships, individuals, nonprofit organizations, governments, mutual funds, and private wealth management. But in other cases its application is limited outside the corporate finance arena. Because the company handles the amount of money far greater than the individual, the analysis has developed into a discipline of its own. It can be distinguished from personal finance and public finance.Corporate finance is divided into three:A. DivestmentDivestiture is the reduction of some kind either in the form of financial assets or goods, can also be referred to the sale of businesses owned by the company. This is the opposite of investing in new assets.

B. Motif:The company has several motives for divestiture.First, a company will divest (sell) a business that is not part of the main operational areas so that the company can focus on business areas that can be done best. For example, Eastman Kodak, Ford Motor Company, and many other companies have been selling a variety of businesses that do not relate to its core business.The second motive for divestitures is to make a profit. Divestments generate better profits for the company as an attempt to sell the divested business in order to obtain money. For example, CSX Corporation to divest to focus on its core business, namely the construction of railroads and aims to make a profit so it can pay its debts at this time.The third motive for the divestiture is sometimes believed that the company had to divest (sell their particular business) is higher than the value of the company prior to divestiture. In other words, the number of private companies liquidation value of assets exceeds the market value when compared with the company at the time prior to divestiture. This strengthens the company's desire to sell what should be valued at current value rather than liquidated prior to divestiture.The fourth motive is to divest the business unit is no longer profitable. The more far-run business unit of the company's core competence, then it is likely to fail in the larger operations.

C. Method of Divestment:Some companies use technology to facilitate the process of divesting some divisions. They publish information about which division they want to sell on their website so that it can be seen by other companies in which if interested in buying the division. For example, Alcoa has established an online showroom that displays the division of their trade. With online communication, Alcoa has reduced the cost needed to finance the division engaged in the hotel, transport business, and business meetings.

D. Pre-emptive RightsPre-emptive rights (English: Rights Issue) or abbreviated pre-emptive rights in Indonesia's capital market is the right of shareholders who acquired the name has been registered in the register of shareholders of a limited liability company to accept the first offer if the company is undergoing a process of emission or removal shares of stock or stock savings portopel. Rights are granted for a period of 14 days from the date of bidding carried out and taken the right amount of balance with the number of shares they own in proportion.E. Bankruptcy.Bankruptcy is a legally declared inability of an individual or organization to pay their creditors.Bankruptcy has been recorded in the Old Testament and the Far East.F. Estimated salessales forecasting, which is the forecast unit sales and value for money of a company. The preparation of financial planning when presented properly, then the information will be useful for the management company for the development effort. If financial planning is done right then the management company is able to seek the maximum in order to achieve its intended purpose.Estimated productionProduction budget is a budget adjustment for the sale of inventory changes.

F. Estimatis Goods Direct Purchase.is the direct purchase of goods, either directly or online system. estimatis is very profitable for the seller and the buyer. because the seller can memprodukan daganganya goods by way of an online system, and the buyer also can be more menghuntungkan and menghematkan.karena buyers do not need to spend a long time to come and go there. enough just to be in depab computer and choose which items to be bought. then mentransferkan amount of money that has been shown, that way the buyer and the seller can memperolehkan advantage.

G.  Use Goods Direct Estimatis.
are goods that can be directly used without requiring the first, or goods that are purchased can be directly used or in use.for example:clothing, cars, food or drink, etc..items that can be directly used without the process all over again like the other stuff.> Direct Wages. Direct wage is the wage that is given without a supervisor or manager or through intermediaries, wages are given directly to the person directly to the employee's own ataua. not be done by credit card system.> Estimated Burden Fabrikase.is the estimate of the burden of explaining the manufacturing,> Estimated Cost of Goods Sold.is the price that was absolute or cost of goods sold without being able to change, this is the absolute price is given by sie sie seller to the buyer to avoid negotiating the sale of these goods.

H. Estimated Selling Expenses.Is the load sie seller because there are several factors that make the company or seller sie oeleh certain parties.suppose that the tax burden, damage goods, anything that makes the company become a burden.

I. Estimated Administrative Expenses.Administrative burden of companies that focus on current political interest. EIM Research estimates the total cost of administration in the sector of temporary work.The main cause of the size of the administrative costs of temporary employment in the sector are:high number of temporary employment of workers and the high rate of change in workers temporary jobs (annual average: 1.3 million registrations, the placement of 1.1 million and 15.6 million payment of remuneration);changes in legislation and the many small changes that face the sector of temporary work;application of remuneration payment system weekly (not monthly or per 4 weeks), attached to the use of flex workers.

J. Estimates of Income.the financial statements of a company that shows profit or loss. where all the financial statements in the show on this estimate, because the company estimates it could find out if the company is a profit or loss of profit or gain.

K. Estimated Cash.is a financial statement that shows how much money you have in the company, because with the cash the company can find out how much money or cash available.whether the company is a profit or increase in cash or cash memeproleh decline.

Sources:

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategori:Keuangan_perusahaan

http://setyafit.blogspot.com/2012/01/tugas-softskill-bab-12-teknik-analisis.html

bab 14

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS
 International business is the business activities carried on between the State of the State to another.

    Ø NATURE OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS
As mentioned above that international business is a business activity conducted over the limit - the limit of a State. This is a business transaction such as international business transactions. The business transactions conducted by a State to another State which is often referred to as International Business (International Trade). On the other hand it's a business transaction conducted by a firm in the State sutu with other companies or individuals in other countries called the International Marketing or International Marketing. International marketing is usually defined as International Business, even though there are basically two senses. So we can distinguish the two International Business transactions are:

ü International Trade (International Trade)

            In terms of international trade transactions between countries is usually done in the traditional manner by way of exports and imports. Given the export and import transactions will give rise to "BALANCE OF TRADE BETWEEN THE STATE" or "BALANCE OF TRADE". A State may have a surplus balance of trade or balance of trade Devisit. The trade balance showed a surplus situation in which the country has a greater value of exports compared to imports from countries that carried out its trading partners. With that have a surplus balance of trade is the other state if the constant flow of cash coming into the country it will be bigger with the release of cash flow to the trading partner countries. The size of the cash flow in and out between the State is often referred to as "BALANCE OF PAYMENTS" or "BALANCE OF PAYMENTS". In this case the balance of payments experienced a surplus is often said that the country is experiencing ADDED THE FOREIGN EXCHANGE. Conversely if the country is experiencing trade balance devisit it means the value of imports exceeds the value of exports that can be done with the other State. Thus, the country will experience devisit balance of payments and will face REDUCTION OF THE FOREIGN EXCHANGE.

ü Marketing International (International Marketing)

            International marketing is often referred to as International Business (International Busines) is a condition in which a company can engage in a business transaction with another country, another company or the general public abroad. This international business transactions in general is an attempt to market their products abroad. In that case then the businessman will be free from trade barriers and tariffs as there is no import-export transactions. With the inclusion of direct and carry out production and marketing activities in a foreign country is not the case of import export activities. Marketed products that not only in goods but could also be a service. International business transactions of this kind can be reached by a variety of ways including:- Licencing- Franchising- Management Contracting- Marketing in Home Country by Host Country- Joint Venturing- Multinational Coporation (MNC)All forms of international transactions mentioned above will require the payment transaction is often referred to as the Fee. In the event that the State or the Home Country must pay while the sender or the Host Country will receive paymentthe fee.Understanding of international trade with international companies often confused or are considered to be the same, but as we see in the above description it is different. The main difference lies in their treatment where internasinol trade conducted by the State while the international marketing is an activity undertaken by the company. Besides, international marketing business activities to determine a more active and more progressive than in international trade.

     ØREASONS FOR IMPLEMENTING INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS
several reasons to carry out international business such as:A. Specialization among nations - nationsIn connection with the advantages or certain strengths and its weaknesses it is a State should determine the strategic choice to produce a strategic commodity that is:a. Utilize the maximum power that was really the most superior so as to produce a more efficient and least expensive among the other countries.b. Focuses on commodities that have the smallest weakness among other countriesc. Concentrating his attention to produce or possess a commodity that has a weakness for the country's highest

B. Excellence absolute (absolute advantage)A country may be said to have an absolute advantage if the country holds a monopoly in the production and trade of these products. This will be achieved if there is no other country that can produce these products so that the country is the only producing country that is generally caused due to its natural conditions, such as mining, farming, forestry, agriculture and so on. Besides natural conditions, an absolute advantage can also be obtained from a country that is able to produce a commodity is the cheapest among other countries. The advantages of this kind will usually not be able to last long because of advances in technology will quickly address the mode of production more efficient and cheaper costs.

C. comparative advantage (comparative advantage)The concept of comparative advantage is a more realistic concept and is widely available in international business. That is a situation where a country has a higher ability to offer these products compared to other countries. Higher ability in offering a product that can be embodied in various forms, namely:a. Cost or offer a lower price.b. Quality that is superior even more expensive.c. Continuity of supply (Supply) the better.d. Business relations and political stability is good.e. Availability of supporting facilities such as better training facilitiesand transportation.

A country in general will concentrate to produce and export commodities which he has the best comparative advantage and then import the commodity in which they have comparative advantages of the worst or greatest weakness. The concept will be able to see the obvious when we try to examine the balance of trade of our country (Indonesia) for example. Of the trade balance, we can see what our commodity exports are commodities which have a comparative advantage for Indonesia and we import our comparative advantage is the weakest.

D.  Potential international basiso The potential of international markets is generally much larger than the domestic market

    Ø STAGE STAGE IN ENTERING THE INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS

            Companies that entered the international business in general are involved or engaged in stages from the simplest steps that do not contain the risk to the most complex stage and contains a very high risk business. The stage is in chronological order are as follows:A. Export Incidental2. Export Active3. Sales License4. Franchising5. Overseas Marketing6. Production and Marketing in Foreign Countries
 EXPORT INCIDENTAL (Incident At EXPORT)In order to enter into the world of international business of a company generally starts from the earliest involvement that is incidental to the conduct of export. In this early stage generally occurs at the time of the arrival of foreigners in our country then he bought the goods and then we have to send it to a foreign country.

EXPORT ON (ACTIVE EXPORT)Early stage it can then grow steadily and then terjalinlah routine business relationships and transactions are continuous and even longer will be more active. Activity relationship of business transactions are characterized in general by the growing amount and types of international trade in these commodities. In this active phase of its own domestic companies began actively to implement the transaction management. Unlike the initial stage where the entrepreneur is only a passive act. Therefore, in this stage are often referred to as the stage of "active export", while the first phase was called the stage of purchase or "Purchasing".Sales of licenses (Licensing)The next stage is the stage Iisensi sales. In this stage the State entrants license or sell the brand of products to recipient countries. The stage is just a brand sold or licensed it, so the receiver can perform a fairly extensive management of the marketing or the production process including raw materials and equipment. For the purposes of such license the use of the company and the recipient must pay the license fee to the foreign company.Franchising
            The next stage is a more active stage companies in a country that is not only to sell or license its brand name alone but complete with all its attributes including the equipment, production processes, the recipes are a mixture of production processes, quality control, quality control of raw materials or goods becomes , as well as form the service. This method is often known as a form of "Franchising". In this case the form of franchise companies that received referred to as "Franchisee" while giving the company referred to as "Franchisor". This form is generally successful for certain types of businesses such as food, restaurant, supermarket, fitness center and so on.

    Ø ENTERING THE OBSTACLES IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS
· LIMITATION OF TRADE AND RATES OF IMPORT DUTYImplement an international business course will have many more obstacles than in the domestic market. Other countries will certainly have different interests that often inhibit terlaksannya kai international business transactions. Besides, customs or culture of other countries will of course be different from their own country. Therefore, there is some obstacle in international business, namely:A. Tariff trade barriers and import duties2. Differences in language, culture social / cultural3. Political and legal / regulatory4. Operational constraints

· DIFFERENT LANGUAGE, CULTURE AND SOCIAL / CULTURAL

            The difference in language is often an obstacle to the smooth international business, this is because language is a vital communication tool both spoken language and written language. Without good communication the business relationship can be difficult to place with Iancar. This language barrier at this point of diminishing returns thanks to the international language is the language of England. Despite this difference in language remains an obstacle to be aware and well-studied as an expression in a particular language can not be expressed simply (letterlijk) with the same word in another language. Even a trademark or product name can have other meanings and very negative for a particular country. For example, a Chevrolet plant that gives the name of a type of car under the name "Chevrolet's Nova", in the case in the Spanish word "No Va" means "can not run". Therefore it is very difficult to market the product in the Spanish state.Socio-cultural differences is a problem that must be observed also in doing international business. For example, the color of a product or the packaging should be careful because certain colors in a country has a specific meaning in other countries can be meaningful to the contrary. Cultural differences or customs are also noteworthy. For example, the Japanese have a habit not to go near her when bought at the supermarket, so this is a consequence that the goods in the form of male cosmetic tools should not be placed adjacent to the cosmetics woman, because buyers will not be approached by men.

· RESISTANCE POLITICS, LAW AND LEGISLATION

            Lack of good political relations between one country to another will also result in limited business relations of both countries.As an extreme example of the U.S. embargo against commoditytrade with Communist countries. Provisions of Law or Regulations applicable laws in a country sometimes also limit the duration of international business. For example, Arab countries banned items containing pork meat and oil. More and that the law in his own country was also able to restrict the course of international business, for example, Indonesia banned the export of raw or semi-finished leather, as well as raw and semi-finished rattan and so on.

· OPERATIONAL CONSTRAINTS

            Barriers to international trade or other business is the transportation of operational issues or transport of goods traded from one country to another country. Transportation is often difficult to do because between the two countries have not had the cruise line ships are regular. This will result in the cost of transport or ship expedition to the path would be very expensive. The high cost of transport was due to circumstances other than that the vessel carriers only serve one's country and are usually expensive, the return of the ship's destination country dati will be empty. Empty boat trip on the ocean will be veryendanger the safety of the ship itself.

    Ø MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES
Multinational companies is essentially a company which conducts internationally or in other words their operation in some countries. This kind of company is often called the Multinational Corporations are usually abbreviated as MNC. Era of globalization sweeping the world at this time where the condition is not a single country in the world which is free and unattainable by the influence of other countries. Any State at any time will always be affected by the actions of other countries. This can happen because at the moment we are in the communications age, so in a very fast and even at the same time we can find an event that happens in every country anywhere in the world.Of circumstances that it is as if there are no more boundaries between states with one state to another. Everyday life becomes more equal. With the trends at this point that the demand or needs of people in this world anywhere near the same thing. The need for consumer goods or for everyday life tend not to differ from country to country to country. The need for toilet soap, laundry soap, stationery, office equipment, apparel, home furnishings as well and so is not much difference between the people of Indonesia and the Philippines, Japan, Korea, Arab atupun in Europe and America.The tendency for a common reason that encourage international companies to operate in such a company would try to find a place the plant in order to produce these goods are the cheapest and then market it all over the world so it would be more economical and have a higher competitiveness. In addition the limits of export-import between countries encourage a company to produce just the stuff in their own country and then sell the country as well although the owners are from abroad. That way the problem of export-import restrictions no longer apply to him. Many examples of this multinational company for example: Coca Cola, Colgate, Johnson & Johnson, IBM, General Electric, Mitzubishi Electric, Toyota, Philips from the Netherlands, Nestle of Switzerland, Unilever of the Netherlands and Britain, Germany dati Bayer, BASF is also from Germany , Ciba of Switzerland and so on.

source :
http://setyafit.blogspot.com/2012/01/tugas-softskill-bab-14-bisnis.html

bab 13

SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY OF A BUSINESS
Ø Conflict with the interests of the communityClassification of the driving aspect of social responsibilityIn the discharge of social responsibility, companies are required to take account of business ethics. This - the driver of the implementation of business ethics:A. Encouragement from the outside, from the environmental community.2. The thrust of the business itself, the business that involves a sense of humanism, initiative and work.

Ø Encouragement of social responsibilityBenefits management practices of humanitarian orientation

    Improved employee morale resulting in improved morale and productivity
    Subordinate participation and the emergence of a sense of ownership so as to create conditions for participatory management.
    Reduction in the employee's absence due to work comfort as a result of working relationships and good fun.
    Improving the quality of production held by the formation of self-confidence of employees.
    Consumer confidence is improving and is the basis for further development of the company.
Ø Business EthicsBusiness ethics is a direct application of a social responsibility of business arising from the internal side, in this case is usually of the policy - the policy set by the company.

· Relationships between businesses with consumersRelationship between the business with customers / consumers, is the most basic relationships in a business, usually about product quality, packaging, how to promote, and after sales service.· Relationships with employeesusually called the relationship between employer to employee. This includes acceptance, training, promotion, transfer, demotion, and dismissal.· Relationships between businessesProvision of information relationships that occur between perusahhan, both corporate colleagues, competitors, suppliers, wholesalers and distributors.· Relationship with investorsGiving the right information to prospective investors investors maupu is a form of this relationship. So can menghimdari wrong decision.· Relationships with financial institutionsRelationships with institutions - financial institutions, in this case most often associated with the Institute of Taxation that the company is related to the amount of tax to be paid through the analysis of company financial statements.
Ø The forms of the social responsibility of a business
· Implementation of Pancasila industrial relations (HIP)system of relationships formed among actors in the production process of goods and services consist of representatives from employers, workers / laborers, and government based on the values ​​of Pancasila and 1945 Constitution

· The environmental impact assessment (EIA)Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a major study on the impact and importance of a planned activity on the environment necessary for decision-making process about the implementation of activities in Indonesia. EIA was made when planning a project that is expected to give effect to the surrounding environment

· The principle of health and safety (K3)Emphasis on worker safety factor by using the tools that serve to maintain safety, such as protective masks, hats, etc..

· Plantation core people (PIR)Nucleus Estates is a system involving a large plantation estates owned by the State and community owned small. Large plantation estates serve as the core driving force in which all the raw materials taken from a small farm in the vicinity.

· System foster father and foster childThis system involves a great businessman who raised a small or medium business partners who have coached them.

source :
http://setyafit.blogspot.com/2012/01/tugas-softskill-bab-13-tanggung-jawab.html

TANGGUNG JAWAB SOSIAL SUATU BISNIS

1. Ø Benturan dengan kepentingan masyarakat

Klasifikasi aspek pendorong tanggung jawab sosial

Dalam menunaikan tanggung jawab sosial, perusahaan dituntut untuk mengindahkan etika bisnis. Hal – hal pendorong dilaksanakannya etika bisnis :

1.      Dorongan dari pihak luar, dari lingkungan masyarakat.

2.      Dorongan dari dalam bisnis itu sendiri, sisi humanisme pebisnis yang melibatkan rasa, karsa dan karya.

1. Ø Dorongan tanggung jawab sosial

Manfaat penerapan manajemen orientasi kemanusiaan

• Peningkatan moral kerja karyawan yang berakibat membaiknya semangat dan produktivitas kerja
• Adanya partisipasi bawahan dan timbulnya rasa ikut memiliki sehingga tercipta kondisi manajemen partisipasif.
• Penurunan absen karyawan yang disebabkan kenyaman kerja sebagai hasil hubungan kerja yang menyenangkan dan baik.
• Peningkatan mutu produksi yang diadakan oleh terbentuknya rasa percaya diri karyawan.
• Kepercayaan konsumen yang meningkatkan dan merupakan dasar bagi perkembangan selanjutnya dari perusahaan.

1. Ø Etika bisnis

Etika bisnis adalah penerapan secara langsung tanggung jawab social suatu bisnis yang timbul dari pihak internal, dalam hal ini biasanya dari kebijakan – kebijakan yang ditetapkan oleh pimpinan perusahaan.

 

·         Hubungan antara bisnis dengan konsumen

Hubungan antara bisnis dengan pelanggan / konsumen, merupakan hubungan paling dasar dalam suatu bisnis, biasanya mengenai kualitas produk, kemasan, cara berpromosi, dan layanan purna jual.

·         Hubungan dengan karyawan

biasa juga disebut hubungan antara employer dengan employee. Di dalamnya termasuk penerimaan, latihan, promosi, transfer, demosi, dan PHK.

 

·         Hubungan antar bisnis

Pemberian informasi hubungan yang terjadi diantara perusahhan, baik perusahaan kolega, pesaing, penyalur, grosir maupun distributornya.

 

·         Hubungan dengan investor

Pemberian informasi yang benar terhadap investor maupu calon investor merupakan bentuk hubungan ini. Sehingga dapat menghimdari pengambilan keputusan yang keliru.

 

·         Hubungan dengan lembaga-lembaga keuangan

Hubungan dengan lembaga – lembaga keuangan, dalam hal ini yang paling sering berhubungan dengan perusahaan adalah Lembaga Perpajakan yang berkaitan dengan jumlah pajak yang harus dibayar melalui hasil analisa laporan keuangan perusahaan.

1. Ø Bentuk-bentuk tanggung jawab sosial suatu bisnis

·         Pelaksanaan hubungan industrial pancasila (HIP)

sistem hubungan yang terbentuk antara para pelaku dalam proses produksi barang dan jasa yang terdiri dari unsur pengusaha,pekerja/buruh, dan pemerintah yang didasarkan pada nilai nilai Pancasila dan Undang Undang Dasar 1945

 

·         Dampak lingkungan (AMDAL)

Analisis Mengenai Dampak Lingkungan (AMDAL) adalah kajian mengenai dampak besar dan penting suatu kegiatan yang direncanakan pada lingkungan hidup  yang diperlukan bagi proses pengambilan keputusan tentang penyelenggaraan kegiatan di Indonesia. AMDAL ini dibuat saat perencanaan suatu proyek yang diperkirakan akan memberikan pengaruh terhadap lingkungan hidup di sekitarnya

 

·         Prinsip kesehatan dan keselamatan kerja (K3)

Penekanan pada faktor keselamatan pekerja dengan mempergunakan alat-alat yang berfungsi menjaga keselamatan, seperti masker pelindung, topi pengaman, dsb.

 

·         Perkebunan inti rakyat (PIR)

Perkebunan Inti Rakyat adalah sistem perkebunan yang melibatkan perkebunan besar milik Negara dan kecil milik masyarakat. Perkebunan besar berfungsi sebagai inti penggerak perkebunan di mana semua bahan bakunya diambil dari perkebunan kecil di sekitarnya.

 

·         Sistem bapak angkat dan anak angkat

System ini melibatkan pengusaha besar yang mengangkat pengusaha kecil atau menengah mitra kerja yang harus mereka bina.

source :
http://setyafit.blogspot.com/2012/01/tugas-softskill-bab-13-tanggung-jawab.html

bab 11

TRANSFER PRICING AND TAXATION INTERNATIONAL

Indonesia as a sovereign state has the right to make provisions on taxation. Function of the tax was withdrawn by the government primarily to finance government activities in order to provide public goods and services needed by all people of Indonesia. In addition, the tax also serves to regulate the behavior of citizens of the State to do or not do something. Indonesia is also part of the international world is definitely in the running wheels of government to international relations. International relations can be cooperation in defense security, cooperation in the social, economic, cultural and other, but the discussion is limited to the export and import (International Trade Transactions) related to international tax.

Any cooperation by all countries must be agreed in advance by the parties to reach a mutual commitment contained in a treaty, not the exception agreement in the field of taxation. Trade transactions between the two countries or countries potentially aspects of taxation, it is certainly to be regulated by the state or the international community in general to boost the economy and trade to countries such cooperation. This is important so as not to impede the flow of investment funds due to burdensome taxation Taxpayers bekedudukan in both countries that perform the transaction.

For that we need the international tax policy in terms of set the tax applicable in a country, assuming that each country could certainly have been set up in the tax provisions into its sovereign territory. But every country is free to regulate the taxation of the entity or a foreign national, international taxation is a form of international law, in which each state must submit to the international agreement known as the Vienna Convention.

Purpose of the International Tax Policy Each policy would have a specific purpose to be achieved, as well as international tax policy also has the objective to be achieved, namely to promote trade between countries, pushing the pace of investment in each country, the government tried to minimize the taxes that inhibit trade and investment. One attempt to minimize the burden is by doing penghindaraan international double taxation.

The principles that must be understood in international taxation Doernberg (1989) mention three elements that must be met netraliats in international taxation policy:

1. Capital Export Neutrality (Domestic Market Neutrality): Wherever we invest, the burden of taxes paid should be the same. So it makes no difference if we invest in domestic or foreign. So do not get when investing abroad, a greater tax burden because of the two countries bear the tax. This will underpin Income Tax Act Art 24 governing foreign tax credits.
2. Capital Import Neutrality (International Market Neutrality): investment from wherever derived, subject to the same tax. So that investors from both domestic or overseas will be subject to the same tax rate when investing in a country. It is the right of taxation of the same underlying denagn taxpayer of the Interior (WPDN) of the permanent establishment (PE) or Fixed Uasah Agency (BUT), which can be a branch of the company or service activities through the time-test of the regulations.
3. National Neutrality: Every country has the same tax on income. So if any foreign taxes that can not be deducted as an expense credited earnings deduction.

BASIC CONCEPTS OF INTERNATIONAL TAXATION

• The concept of juridical double taxation and economic double taxation

In a narrow sense, double taxation occurs in all cases considered taxation a few times on a subject and / or objects in a single tax the same tax administration. Double taxation can be caused by taxation by a single ruler (singular power) or by various (layer) single, for example, can occur in the taxation of the buildings on the resale value (land and building tax) and income (income tax on rent or profit transfer). Double taxation is often called economic double taxation (economic double taxation). Double taxation in a broad sense, according to the state (jurisdiction) the tax collector, can be grouped into double taxation (1) internal (domestic) and (2) International.

Knechtle, in the book “Basic Problems in International Fiscal Law”, to name a few types of PBI (1) factual and potential, (2) juridical and economical, and (3) direct and indirect. Taxation if the claim is actually implemented by some State jurisdictions there will be a holder of PBI factual. If the two (or more) State tax claim holders, only one country who carry the claim that there will be taxation of potential PBI.

• The concept of the Avoidance of Double Taxation

Taxation on an income simultaneously by applying state of residence and source countries that apply the principle cause of international double taxation (international double taxation). By investors and entrepreneurs, double taxation shall be deemed to lack the mobility to facilitate the flow of investment, business and international trade. therefore, need to be removed or granted waivers. In addition to the provisions stipulated in domestic tax, double tax relief is generally well organized in P3B. International Taxation (hereinafter in this module is called PBI) appears when there is a conflict of jurisdiction of taxation, both attached to the central government (state) and local governments (provinces, cities and counties), and are attached to each state (overlapping of tax jurisdiction in the international sphere). PBI with respect to income tax, in case of conflict of taxation rights between the countries have economic ties, applying the principle of division of the right of taxation is not the same. Definition and purpose of avoidance of double taxation (P3B) In connection with the notion of double taxation (double taxation), Knechtle in his book entitled “Basic Problems in International Fiscal Law” (1979) provide a detailed discussion. . Knechtle distinguish the notion of double taxation, namely:

1. By Area, Double taxation is a form of taxation and other levies more than once, which can double or more over a fiscal fact.
2. In Narrow, Double taxation occurs in all cases considered taxation a few times on a subject and / or objects in a single tax the same tax administration, which ruled out the imposition of taxes by local governments.

Furthermore, in accordance with State taxation (jurisdiction) the tax collector, double taxation can be grouped into:

• Internal (domestic)
• The International

RELATIONSHIP WITH THE CONCEPT OF TAX INCOME FROM ABROAD

Each country claims to impose taxes on income generated within its borders. However, the national philosophy on the taxation of resources from abroad is different and this is important from the perspective of a tax planner.

Based on the principle of worldwide taxation, foreign earned income of a domestic company is taxable in full fine imposed in the host country or countries of origin. To avoid the reluctance of businesses to expand abroad and to maintain the concept of neutralization abroad, the domicile of the parent company (country seat) may elect to treat dbayarkan foreign tax credit against tax liability as a domestic parent company or deduction as a deduction on income taxable.

REASONS FOR FOREIGN TAX CREDIT

Creditors of foreign tax can be calculated as a direct credit on income tax paid on earnings branch or subsidiary and any tax withheld at source, such as dividends, interest, and royalties are sent back to domestic investors. The tax credit can also be estimated if the amount of foreign income tax paid is not too obvious (when the foreign subsidiary sent most profits come from overseas to domestic holding company).

Dividends are reported in the parent company’s tax return should be calculated gross (gross – up) to cover the amount of tax levy taxes plus all applicable overseas. This means that the domestic parent companies receiving dividends which includes taxes owed to foreign governments and then pay the tax. Indirect Tax Credit that allowed foreign (foreign income taxes deemed paid) is determined as follows: Payment of dividends (including the entire tax levy) / Profit after income tax of foreign X

foreign tax can be credited.

Foreign tax credit limitation

Some states impose a tax on its source with a tax credit for foreign taxes are the source of a maximum of a related domestic tax on the profits that can be imposed. The maximum tax liability is where the higher the tax rate in the host country or countries of origin. To prevent foreign tax credit can eliminate the tax on domestic income, many states set limits on the amount of general foreign tax can be credited each year. Foreign credit is calculated as follows: Foreign tax credit limitation = taxable income / tax worldwide income before taxes X credit.

Foreign tax credit

limitation applies separately to U.S. tax on foreign source income tax for each of the following types of income:

• Passive income (example: income from investments)
• Revenues of financial services
• levy a high tax revenues
• Revenue of transport
• Dividends from each of the foreign company with a share of ownership by 10% to 50% of its own foreign policies for the U.S. tax on

Tax Treaty

Although the foreign tax credit to protect the sources of foreign tax of double taxation (in some cases), tax treaties can do more than that. Tax treaties usually contain how taxes and tax incentives will be subject to, respected, shared, or else written off against revenues generated by residents of States of other countries in the tax jurisdictions. Tax treaties also affect the tax levy on dividends, interest, royalties paid by companies in the country to foreign shareholders.

Consideration of Foreign Currencies

Gain or Loss on transactions in currencies other than the functional currency is generally recorded at the point of view Duan transaction. Under this approach, any gain or loss requires that security be qualified as a protector of the transaction value of certain foreign currency can be integrated with the underlying transaction.

INTERNATIONAL TAX PLANNING IN MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES

In the tax planning of multinational companies have certain advantages over a purely domestic firm because it has greater flexibility in determining the geographic location of production and distribution systems. This flexibility provides the opportunity to utilize their own national tax ataryuridis differences so as to lower the overall corporate tax burden.

The observation of these tax planning issues at the start with two basic things:

• tax considerations should never mengandalikan business strategy
• Changes in tax laws are constantly limit the benefits of tax planning in the long term.

VARIABLES IN THE INTERNATIONAL TRANSFER PRICING

Transfer prices set a monetary value on the exchange between firms that take place between the operating unit and is a substitute for market prices. In general, the transfer price is recorded as revenue by one unit and the unit cost by others. Cross-border transactions of multinational corporations are also open to a number of environmental influences that created the same time destroying the opportunity to increase profits through transfer pricing. A number of variables separti tax rate competition infalsi rates, currency values, limitations on the transfer of funds, political risk and the interests of joint venture partners are very complicated transfer pricing decisions.

FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEM IN THE METHOD OF TRANSFER PRICE

tax factor

Reasonable transaction price is the price to be received by a party unrelated to the particular item the same or similar in the same or similar circumstances is appropriate. Reasonable method to determine the transaction price can be received are:

• method of determining the comparable uncontrolled price.
• method of determining the resale price.
• plus the cost price determination methods and
• Other methods of assessment levels

factor Tariff

Tariffs for imported goods also affect transfer pricing policies of multinational corporations. In addition to the identification of equilibrium, multinational companies must consider the costs and benefits, both internal an external. High tax rates paid by the importer will generate the income tax base is lower.

Competitiveness Factors

Similarly, lower transfer rates can be used to protect the ongoing operation of the influence of foreign competition is increasingly tied to the local market or other markets. Consideration must be balanced against the loss of competitiveness was much the opposite effect. Transfer rates for competitive reasons may invite anti-trust action by the government.

Performance Evaluation Factors

Transfer pricing policy is also influenced by their influence on behavior management and is often a major determinant of corporate performance.

source :

http://wartawarga.gunadarma.ac.id/2012/04/eva-lestari-21208448-4eb11-tugas-softskill-akuntansi-internasional-bab-11/