Financial Reporting and Price Changes

Financial Reporting and Price Changes

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS MAY HAVE THE POTENTIAL FOR MISLEADING PRICES DURING THE PERIOD OF CHANGE


During periods of inflation, asset values ​​are carried at acquisition cost less initially reflect its current value (the higher). This distorts the measurement inaccuracies (1) financial projections based on historical time series of data (2) the budget is the basis of performance measurement and (3) performance data can not isolate the effect of inflation that can not be controlled. Earnings are valued more in turn will lead to:
A. The increase in the proportion of tax
2. Demand more dividends than shareholders

3. Salaries and demand higher wages than workers
4. Adverse action of the host country (such as the taxation of a huge advantage).

Failure to adjust the company's financial data to changes in the monetary unit's purchasing power also creates difficulties for the reader to interpret financial statements and compare the operating performance of companies that reported. In periods of inflation, revenues are generally denominated in the general purchasing power is lower (ie the purchasing power of the present period), which is then applied against the related expenses. Conventional accounting procedures also ignore the purchasing power gains and losses arising from the ownership of cash (equivalent) during the period of inflation.

Therefore, to explicitly recognize the effect of inflation is useful to do because:
A. The effect of price changes in part depend on the transaction and the circumstances facing the company.
2. Manage the problems caused by price changes depend on an accurate understanding of the problem.
3. Reports from managers about the problems caused by price changes much easier to believe when businesses publish financial information that addresses these problems.


Inflation Accounting terms

Inflation is a process of rising prices in general and persistent (continuous) associated with the market mechanism can be caused by various factors, among others, increased consumption or a lack of launch distribution of goods. In other words, inflation is also a process of declining currency value continuously. Inflation is the process of an event, rather than the high-low price levels.
Accounting methods used in the method of determination of inflation = profits. The emphasis is on the determination of the profits return more relevant is illustrated by the financial statements, while the inflation value of all items contained in the financial statements. To prepare financial statements in the period of inflation to be more relevant to use several methods.

According to Johnson, the 1977 method of measurement of assets and liabilities can be divided as follows:
A. The entry value of the common price system consisting of:
Historical cost
General price level


In the method for example GPL historical cost method adjusted for changes in price levels during inflation so that the GPL is greater than the value of historical cost.
GPLA advantages are:
a. May explain the effect of inflation on the company.
b. Improve the usefulness of comparative reports between periods.
c. Help users assess the statement of cash flows to be dating ddimasa better.
d. Improve the confidence level of financial statement ratios are calculated from the figures that have been customized financial reports.
The disadvantage is:
a. Inflation was terrjadi on different goods and different companies, so it can not be generalized.
b. GPLA not significant for the company.
c. Figures are not adjusted to describe the cash flow.
d. It is a crude indicator ratios.

Replacement cost
Is the value measured at this time to get new assets or replace it with the same production capacity. Depreciation is calculated based on the value of changing it. On the value of the replacement value of inflation is greater than the general price level. This method is widely criticized, but some people think that this method is the easiest method is applied in accounting for inflation.


Reproduction cost
Is another term that is almost equal to the replacement cost. Here the price is measured based on the current price if the asset was created or published as what belongs to it without looking at the technological changes that made it possible mempengaruhiaktiva.

2. The exit value or current market pricing system that consists of market value:


Net realizable value
NRV is the estimated selling price less selling costs. Depreciation is calculated on the difference between the asset's sale price at the beginning than at the end of the period.


Selling price
selling price less cost of sales so that no financial statements prepared according to the selling price will be greater than the net realizable value and the other methods mentioned earlier.

Expected value
This method is highly dependent on one's expectations can be larger or smaller than other methods because the expected value is an overview of the present value of cash in the future.

Differences in current cost accounting model and the conventional

Differences in the cost accounting model and the conventional current Historical Cost Financial Statements Statements of Financial Position:

A. Amount in the statement of financial position are not expressed in the units of measurement are now at the end of the reporting period, are restated by applying a general price index.

2. Items of monetary restated because they are expressed in monetary units is now at the end of the reporting period. Monetary posts are owned and the money to be received or paid in cash.

3. Assets and liabilities, with the agreement, which is connected with changes in prices such as index linked bonds and loans, adjusted in accordance with the agreement to ensure the balance at the end of the reporting period. The posts are recorded at amounts have been adjusted in the statement of financial position are restated.

4. All assets and other liabilities are nonmonetary. Some noted the number of non-monetary post is now at the end of the reporting period, such as net realizable value and fair value, then the post is not restated. All assets and liabilities to other non-monetary restated.

5. Most of the non-monetary items carried at cost or cost less depreciation. Therefore, these items are stated at the amount present on the date of acquisition. Acquisition cost, or cost less depreciation, which are presented back to each item is determined by applying the change in the general price index from the date of acquisition until the end of the reporting period on a historical cost and accumulated depreciation. For example, fixed assets, inventories of raw materials and merchandise, goodwill, patents, trademarks and similar assets are restated from the date of purchase. Supply of intermediate goods and finished goods are restated from the date of the purchase cost and conversion costs.

6. Detailed record of the date of acquisition of units of fixed assets may not be available or can not be estimated. In rare circumstances, it may be necessary, in the first period to implement this statement, to use an independent professional assessment of the value of such units as the basis for the presentation of the return.

7. General price index may not be available for a period of time restate fixed assets required by this Statement. Under these circumstances, an entity may need to use the basic estimates, for example, the transfer rate between the functional currency and foreign currencies are relatively stable.

8. Some noted the number of non-monetary post is now on a date other than the date of acquisition or date of statement of financial position, for example, fixed assets have been revalued in the previous date. In this case, the carrying amount restated from the date of revaluation.

9. Restated amounts of non-monetary items is reduced, in accordance with relevant GAAP, when the amount exceeds the recoverable amount. For example, the amount of fixed assets, goodwill, patents and trademarks presented again reduced to recoverable amount and restated amount of inventory reduced to net realizable value.

10. Investee is recorded using the equity method may make a report in the currency hyperinflation economy. Statement of financial position and reports comprehensive income of the investee are restated in accordance with this Statement for the investor counting on net assets and profit and loss. When the financial statements of the investee are restated denominated in foreign currencies, the financial statements are translated at the closing exchange rate.

11. Effect of inflation is usually recognized in borrowing costs. It is not appropriate to restate the capital expenditure financed by borrowing and to capitalize the borrowing costs to compensate for inflation over the same period. Part of this borrowing costs are recognized as an expense in the period when the cost occurs.

12. An entity may acquire assets in a deal that allows entities to defer payment without incurring an explicit interest charge. When an entity is not practical to determine the amount of interest, then such assets are restated from the date of payment and not the date of purchase.

13. At the beginning of the first period of application of this, a component of equity, except retained earnings and revaluation surplus, are restated using general price index from the date of the equity component is contributed or appear. Revaluation surplus that arose in previous periods is eliminated. Balance restated earnings from all other amounts in the statement of financial position

14. At the end of the first period and subsequent periods, all components of equity are restated by applying a general price index from the beginning of the period or the date of contribution, if more recent. Shift in owners' equity during the period disclosed in accordance with IAS 1 (revised 2009) Presentation of Financial Statements. Comprehensive Income Statement

15. This statement requires that all items in comprehensive income statement are expressed in units of measurement are now at the end of the reporting period. Therefore, the entire amount necessary to implement the changes and display it in the general price index from the date income and expenses were initially recorded in the financial statements. Gain or Loss on Net Monetary Position.

Sources:
http://eka1989.wordpress.com/

Sources: Revised Edition Book Accounting Theory, Sofyan Harahap Syafri

Pelaporan Keuangan Dan Perubahan Harga

LAPORAN KEUANGAN DAPAT MEMILIKI POTENSI UNTUK MENYESATKAN SELAMA PERIODE PERUBAHAN HARGA

Selama periode inflasi, nilai aktiva yang dicatat sebesar biaya akuisisi awalnya jarang mencerminkan nilai terkininya (yang lebih tinggi). Ketidak akuratan pengukuran ini mendistorsi (1) proyeksi keuangan yang didasarkan pada data seri waktu historis (2) anggaran yang menjadi dasar pengukuran kinerja dan (3) data kinerja yang tidak dapat mengisolasi pengaruh inflasi yang tidak dapat dikendalikan. Laba yang dinilai lebih pada gilirannya akan menyebabkan :
1. Kenaikan dalam proporsi pajak
2. Permintaan dividen lebih banyak dari pemegang saham

3. Permintaan gaji dan upah yang lebih tinggi dari para pekerja
4. Tindakan yang merugikan dari negara tuan rumah (seperti pengenaan pajak keuntungan yang sangat besar).

Kegagalan untuk menyesuaikan data keuangan perusahaan terhadap perubahan dalam daya beli unit moneter juga menimbulkan kesulitan bagi pembaca laporan keuangan untuk menginterpretasikan dan membandingkan kinerja operasi perusahaan yang dilaporkan. Dalam periode inflasi, pendapatan umumnya dinyatakan dalam mata uang dengan daya beli umum yang lebih rendah (yaitu daya beli periode kini), yang kemudian diterapkan terhadap beban terkait. Prosedur akuntansi yang konvesional juga mengabaikan keuntungan dan kerugian daya beli yang timbul dari kepemilikan kas (ekuivalennya) selama periode inflasi.

Oleh karena itu, mengakui pengaruh inflasi secara eksplisit berguna dilakukan karena :
1. Pengaruh perubahan harga sebagian bergantung pada transaksi dan keadaan yang dihadapi suatu perusahaan.
2. Mengelola masalah yang ditimbulkan oleh perubahan harga bergantung pada pemahaman yang akurat atas masalah tersebut.
3. Laporan dari para manajer mengenai permasalahan yang disebabkan oleh perubahan harga lebih mudah dipercaya apabila kalangan usaha menerbitkan informasi keuangan yang membahas masalah-masalah tersebut.

Istilah Akuntansi Inflasi

Inflasi adalah suatu proses meningkatnya harga-harga secara umum dan terus-menerus (kontinu) berkaitan dengan mekanisme pasar dapat disebabkan oleh berbagai faktor, antara lain, konsumsi masyarakat yang meningkat atau adanya ketidak lancaran distribusi barang. Dengan kata lain, inflasi juga merupakan proses menurunnya nilai mata uang secara kontinu. Inflasi adalah proses dari suatu peristiwa, bukan tinggi-rendahnya tingkat harga.
Metode yang digunakan dalam akuntansi inflasi = metode penentuan laba. Penekanan penentuan laba adalah pada nilai laba yang lebih relevan yang digambarkan oleh laporan keuangan, sedangkan inflasi nilai semua item yang terdapat dalam laporan keuangan. Untuk menyusun laporan keuangan pada masa inflasi agar lebih relevan dapat digunakan beberapa metode.

Menurut Johnson, 1977 metode pengukuran aktiva dan kewajiban dapat dibagi sebagai berikut :
1. The entry value system dari harga umum yang terdiri dari :
Historical cost
General price level

Dalam metode GPL misalnya metode historical cost disesuaikan dengan perubahan tingkat harga sehingga pada masa inflasi GPL ini lebih besar daripada nilai historical cost.
Keuntungan GPLA adalah :
a. Dapat menjelaskan pengaruh inflasi pada perusahaan.
b. Meningkatkan kegunaan perbandingan laporan antar periode.
c. Membantu pemakai laporan menilai arus kas ddimasa yang akan dating secara lebih baik.
d. Memperbaiki tingkat kepercayaan rasio laporan keuangan yang dihitung dari angka-angka laporan keuangan yang sudah disesuaikan.
Kelemahannya adalah :
a. Inflasi itu terrjadi pada barang yang berbeda dan perusahaan yang berbeda, jadi tidak dapat disamaratakan.
b. GPLA tidak bermakna bagi perusahaan.
c. Angka yang disesuaikan tidak menggambarkan arus kas.
d. Rasio itu adalah indicator mentah.

Replacement cost
Merupakan nilai yang diukur saat ini untuk mendapatkan aktiva baru atau menggantinya dengan kapasitas produksinya yang sama. Penyusutan dihitung berdasarkan pada nilai ganti itu. Pada masa inflasi nilai dari replacement value ini lebih besar dari general price level. Metode ini banyak mendapat kritikan, namun sebagian pihak menganggap bahwa metode ini merupakan metode yang paling mudah diterapkan dalam akuntansi inflasi.

Reproduction cost
Merupakan istilah lain yang hampir sama dengan replacement cost. Disini harga diukur berdasarkan harga sekarang jika aktiva itu dibuat atau dipublikasi seperti barang yang dimiliki itu tanpa melihat perubahan teknologi yang mungkin mempengaruhiaktiva yang dibuat itu.

2. The exit value system harga pasar atau current market value yang terdiri dari :

Net realizable value
NRV merupakan harga jual dikurangi taksiran biaya penjualan. Penyusutan dihitung berdasarkan perbedaan antara harga jual aktiva itu pada awal dibandingkan dengan pada akhir periode.

Selling price
harga jual tanpa dikurangi biaya penjualan sehingga laporan keuangan yang disusun menurut selling price ini akan lebih besar daripada net realizable value dan metode lain yang disebut sebelumnya.

Expected value
Metode ini sangat tergantung pada pengharapan seseorang jadi bisa lebih besar atau lebih kecil dibanding dengan metode lain karena expected value ini merupakan gambaran dari present value kas dimasa yang akan datang.

Perbedaan model akuntansi biaya terkini & konvensional

Perbedaan model akuntansi biaya terkini & konvensional Laporan Keuangan Biaya Historis Laporan Posisi Keuangan :

1. Jumlah dalam laporan posisi keuangan yang belum dinyatakan dalam unit pengukuran kini pada akhir periode pelaporan, disajikan kembali dengan menerapkan indeks harga umum.

2. Pos-pos moneter tidak disajikan kembali karena sudah dinyatakan dalam unit moneter kini pada akhir periode pelaporan. Pos-pos moneter adalah uang yang dimiliki dan hal yang akan diterima atau dibayar dalam bentuk uang.

3. Aset dan liabilitas, melalui perjanjian, yang terhubung dengan perubahan harga misalnya index linked bonds and loans, disesuaikan sesuai dengan perjanjian untuk memastikan jumlah saldo pada akhir periode pelaporan. Pos-pos tersebut dicatat pada jumlah yang telah disesuaikan dalam laporan posisi keuangan yang disajikan kembali.

4. Seluruh aset dan liabilitas lain adalah nonmoneter. Beberapa pos nonmoneter dicatat pada jumlah kini pada akhir periode pelaporan, seperti nilai realisasi neto dan nilai wajar,maka pos tersebut tidak disajikan kembali. Seluruh aset dan liabilitas nonmoneter yang lain disajikan kembali.

5. Sebagian besar pos-pos nonmoneter dicatat pada biaya perolehan atau biaya perolehan dikurangi penyusutan. Oleh karena itu, pos-pos tersebut disajikan sebesar jumlah kini pada tanggal akuisisinya. Biaya perolehan, atau biaya perolehan dikurangi penyusutan, yang disajikan kembali untuk setiap pos ditentukan dengan menerapkan perubahan indeks harga umum dari tanggal akuisisi sampai akhir periode pelaporan pada biaya historis dan akumulasi penyusutan. Misalnya, aset tetap, persediaan bahan baku dan barang dagangan, goodwill, paten, merek dagang dan aset serupa disajikan kembali dari tanggal pembeliannya. Persediaan barang setengah jadi dan barang jadi disajikan kembali dari tanggal terjadinya biaya pembelian dan biaya konversi.

6. Catatan rinci tanggal perolehan dari unit-unit aset tetap mungkin tidak tersedia atau tidak dapat diestimasi. Dalam keadaan yang jarang terjadi, hal ini mungkin diperlukan, pada periode pertama kali menerapkan Pernyataan ini, untuk menggunakan penilaian profesional independen atas nilai unit tersebut sebagai dasar penyajian kembalinya.

7. Indeks harga umum mungkin tidak tersedia untuk periode saat menyajikan kembali aset tetap yang disyaratkan oleh Pernyataan ini. Dalam keadaan ini, entitas mungkin perlu untuk menggunakan dasar estimasi, misalnya, pada perpindahan kurs antara mata uang fungsional dan mata uang asing yang relatif stabil.

8. Beberapa pos nonmoneter dicatat pada jumlah kini pada tanggal selain tanggal akuisisi atau tanggal laporan posisi keuangan, misalnya aset tetap yang telah direvaluasi pada tanggal sebelumnya. Dalam kasus ini, jumlah tercatat disajikan kembali dari tanggal revaluasi.

9. Jumlah yang disajikan kembali dari pos-pos nonmoneter dikurangi, sesuai dengan PSAK terkait, ketika jumlah tersebut melebihi jumlah terpulihkan. Misalnya, jumlah aset tetap, goodwill, paten dan merek dagang yang disajikan kembali dikurangi menjadi jumlah terpulihkan, dan jumlah persediaan yang disajikan kembali dikurangi menjadi nilai realisasi neto.

10. Investee yang mencatat dengan metode ekuitas dapat membuat laporan dalam mata uang ekonomi hiperinflasi. Laporan posisi keuangan dan laporan laba rugi komprehensif investee tersebut disajikan kembali sesuai dengan Pernyataan ini untuk mengitung bagian investor atas aset neto dan laba rugi. Ketika laporan keuangan investee yang disajikan kembali dinyatakan dalam mata uang asing, maka laporan keuangan tersebut dijabarkan pada kurs penutup.

11. Pengaruh inflasi biasanya diakui dalam biaya pinjaman. Hal yang tidak sesuai untuk menyajikan kembali pengeluaran modal yang dibiayai dengan pinjaman serta mengkapitalisasi bagian biaya pinjaman untuk mengkompensasi inflasi selama periode yang sama. Bagian biaya pinjaman ini diakui sebagai beban dalam periode saat biaya terjadi.

12. Entitas dapat memperoleh aset dalam perjanjian yang mengizinkan entitas untuk menangguhkan pembayaran tanpa menimbulkan beban bunga eksplisit. Ketika entitas tidak praktis untuk menentukan jumlah bunga, maka aset tersebut disajikan kembali dari tanggal pembayaran dan bukan tanggal pembelian.

13. Pada awal periode pertama kali penerapan Pernyataan ini, komponen ekuitas, kecuali saldo laba dan surplus revaluasi, disajikan kembali dengan menggunakan indeks harga umum dari tanggal komponen ekuitas tersebut dikontribusikan atau muncul. Surplus revaluasi yang timbul dalam periode sebelumnya dieliminasi. Saldo laba yang disajikan kembali berasal dari seluruh jumlah lain dalam laporan posisi keuangan

14. Pada akhir periode pertama dan periode selanjutnya, seluruh komponen ekuitas disajikan kembali dengan menerapkan indeks harga umum dari awal periode atau tanggal kontribusi, jika lebih belakangan. Perpindahan dalam ekuitas pemilik selama periode diungkapkan sesuai dengan PSAK 1 (revisi 2009): Penyajian Laporan Keuangan. Laporan Laba Rugi Komprehensif

15. Pernyataan ini mensyaratkan bahwa seluruh pos dalam laporan laba rugi komprehensif dinyatakan dalam unit pengukuran kini pada akhir periode pelaporan. Oleh karena itu, seluruh jumlah perlu untuk disajikan kembali dengan menerapkan perubahan indeks harga umum dari tanggal pos pendapatan dan beban tersebut awalnya dicatat dalam laporan keuangan. Keuntungan atau Kerugian Posisi Moneter Neto.

Sumber :

http://eka1989.wordpress.com/

Sumber : Buku Teori Akuntansi Edisi Revisi, Sofyan Syafri Harahap

Foreign Currency Translation

Foreign Currency Translation
Foreign Currency Translation

Translation Differences By Conversion

Foreign currency translation The process is repeated presentation of financial information from one currency to another currency. While foreign currency conversion between the exchange of one currency to another currency is not the same as the conversion fisik.Translasi. Translation is just a change of monetary units, as well as a balance sheet presented are expressed in British pounds back into the U.S. dollar equivalent value. There is no physical exchange that occurred, and no related transactions that have occurred as it carried out the conversion.


In terms of foreign currency translation

Conversion, an exchange of one currency into another currency.
Exchange rate now, the exchange rate prevailing on the date of the relevant financial laporang.
Net asset position at risk, the excess assets are measured or denominated in foreign currency and in translasikan at the exchange rate of duty is now measured or denominated in foreign currencies and translated at the exchange rate now.
Exchange forward contracts, an agreement to exchange currencies of different countries by using a specific rate (forward rate) at a given date in the future.
Functional currency, is the main currency used by a company in the conduct of business activities. Usually such currency is the currency of the State where the company is located.
Historical exchange rate, the exchange value of foreign currency that is used when an asset or liability denominated in foreign currencies bought or going.
Reporting currency, the currency used in preparing the company financial statements.
Spot exchange rate, the exchange rate for currency exchange in the time immediately.
Translation adjustments, the adjustments arising from the translation of financial statements of a company's functional currency into the reporting currency.

Differences in gains and losses of foreign currency translation
If the point of view of local currency to be used (local companies viewpoint), the entry of the translation adjustment in current earnings do not need to be done. Enter translation gains and losses in earnings will distort the real financial relationships and can mislead the users of such information. Translation gains or losses should be treated from the standpoint of local currency as an adjustment to equity owners.
If the parent company's reporting currency is the unit of measurement of the financial statements are translated (the parent company's point of view), it is advisable to recognize gain or loss on translation of profit as soon as possible. Point of view of the parent company saw overseas subsidiaries as an extension of its parent company. Translation gains and losses reflect the increase or decrease in equity of foreign investment in domestic currency and should be recognized.

Advantages and disadvantages of foreign currency translation

Penagguhan

Changes in the value of domestic currency equivalent of the net assets of foreign subsidiaries are not realized and no effect on the local currency cash flows generated from foreign entities. Translation adjustment should be accumulated separately as part of consolidated equity.

Pengangguhan and Amortization

Suspension of translation gains or losses and to amortize it over the useful adjustment items related to the balance sheet, primarily related to debt ditangguha = kandan will be amortized over the related fixed assets, which is charged against earnings in the same way with the burden of depreciation or deferred and amortized during the remainder of the loan as an adjustment to interest expense.

Partial Suspension

Translation gains and losses is to recognize the losses as soon as possible after it happens, but admitted only after the profits realized, this is simply because it is an advantage, it ignores the changes in exchange rates.

Not suspended

Recognize translation gains and losses in the income statement as soon as possible. However, inserting translation gains and losses in the current year's profit will introduce a random element in the profits that may result in significant fluctuations in earnings in case of exchange rate changes.

Translation gains and losses reflect the increase or decrease in equity investments in domestic currency and should be recognized.


Effect of foreign currency translation method to the Financial Statements

Although most of the technical issues in accounting tends to resolve itself over time, foreign currency translation terrnyata is an exception. That this trend will continue to be supported by such developments as the collapse of the dominance of the dollar, the currency rate movements are approved by the government, and the globalization of world capital markets, which have increased the importance of reporting and financial disclosure. Such developments have profoundly increase the interest of financial executives, accountants, and financial community on the importance and economic consequences of foreign currency translation. Let us look at the nature and development of international accounting puzzle this puzzle.

Single Rate Method

Based on this translational approach, the financial statements of foreign operations, which are considered by the parent company as an autonomous entity, has the reporting of their own domicile. This is a local accounting environment where foreign affiliates are mentraksaksikan his business affairs. To maintain the "flavor" of the local currency reports, a way must be found so that translation can be implemented with minimal distortion. The best way is the use of the method of exchange rate policies.

Since all financial reports of foreign exchange is actually multiplied by a konstansta, this translation method to maintain its financial results and the original relation (eg financial ratios) in the consolidated statements of individual entities that are consolidated. Only the form of overseas estimates, not the essence, the change in the method of exchange rate policies.

Although interesting and conceptually simple, the method of exchange rate policies were blamed by some people because it undermines the basic purpose of the consolidated financial statements, that is because it presents, for the benefit of shareholders of the parent company, operating results and financial position of the parent company and firms from the perspective of children the single currency. maintain the parent company's reporting currency as the unit of measurement. In the prevailing exchange rate method, the results will reflect the consolidation of perspekfif-exchange perspective of each country where companies are children. For example, if an asset dip = roleh an overseas subsidiary company for when the rate was 1.000 VA VA 1 = $ 1, then from the perspective of historical cost dollars is $ 1,000; from the perspective of local currency is also $ 1000. If the exchange rate changed to VA 5 = $ 1, the historical cost of those assets from the perspective of the dollar (translas' historical cost) remains $ 1,000. If the local currency will be retained as the unit of measurement, will be expressed nifai assets of $ 200 (exchange rate translation effect).

Rate method applies also to blame because it assumes that all assets are influenced by local-currency exchange rate risk (ie, assuming that the fluctuations in the domestic currency equivalent, which is caused by fluctuations translational running, an indicator of changes in the intrinsic value of those assets). Hat is rarely true because the value of inventory and fixed assets in foreign countries are generally supported by local inflation.


Multiple Rate Methods

Methods of combining multiple exchange rate exchange rate historically runs and in the process of translation. 3 Such methods are discussed below.

Force-historical method. Based on the true-historical approach, which is popular in the U.S. and other places before the year 1976, current assets and current liabilities of a subsidiary abroad are translated into the reporting currency using the exchange rate of its parent company applies. Assets and liabilities are non-smooth translated with historical rates.

Items of income statement, except for depreciation and amortization, are translated at the exchange rate on average each month of operation or on the basis of the weighted average of the entire period to be reported. Depreciation and amortization are translated using historical exchange rates prevailing at the time of the relevant asset is obtained.

This methodology is, unfortunately, has some drawbacks. For example, this method is less choose a conceptual justification. Existing definitions of assets and liabilities and non-current classification does not explain why such a manner which will determine the exchange rate used in the process transiasi.

Monetary-nonmonetary method. As with any true-historical method, the method moniter using pattern-classification of non-monetary balance sheet to determine the appropriate exchange rate translation.

Due to monetary items in cash settled; usage rate applicable to translate the items of foreign exchange domestic currency equivalent yield that reflects the realizable value or value of the solution.

Temporal method according to the temporal approach, translational currency conversion is a process of measurement (ie, repeated presentation of a particular value). Therefore, this method can not be used to change the attributes of an item that is being measured; this method can only change the unit of measurement. Balance of foreign currency translation, for example, just change the (restate) the denomination of inventory. not the actual assessment. In U.S. GAAP, assets are measured based on jumiah cash on hand at the balance sheet date. Receivables and payables expressed in a number expected to be received or paid at maturity. Liabilities and other assets are measured at the prevailing price when the item is acquired or item ¬ occurs (historical price). Even so, some of which are measured by the prices prevailing at the date of financial statements (the price goes), such as inventory under the rules of cost or market. In short, there is a dimension of time associated with the values ​​of this money.

By Lorensen, the best way to maintain accounting bases are used to measure these items is to translate the foreign currency amount of foreign currency at the exchange rate prevailing on the date of the measurement of foreign currency takes place. Temporal principle thus stated that

cash, receivables, and payables are measured at the promised amount should be translated using the exchange rates prevailing at balance sheet date. Assets and liabilities are measured at the price of money should be translated using the exchange rates prevailing on the date with respect to the price of money.

Translation methods can be classified into two types of methods that use a single exchange rate for the present re-translation of foreign currency balances to the equivalent value in domestic currency or a method that uses a variety of rates.
A. Methods Single Currency
This method has long been popular in Europe, applying the exchange rate, the current exchange rate and the closing exchange rate, for all assets and liabilities lancer. Revenues and expenses denominated in foreign currencies are generally translated using the exchange rate prevailing at the time the posts are recognized. However, to facilitate these items are generally translated using the weighted average exchange rates are appropriate for the period. The financial statements of a foreign operation has its own reporting domicile, local currency environment in which the foreign affiliate companies do business. An asset or liability denominated in foreign currency is said to face foreign exchange risk if the equivalent in the currency used to translate the asset or liability.
2. Multiple methods of exchange rate
The method combines Multiple Currency exchange rate exchange rate historically and now in the process of translation.
3. Now the method-Nonkini
Based on the Method of Non-Now-Now, lancer current assets and liabilities of foreign subsidiaries are translated into the reporting currency of its parent company based on the exchange now. Assets and liabilities are translated lancer historical rates of exchange. Items of income statement (except for depreciation and amortization) are translated based on the average rate prevailing in each month of operation, or based on a weighted average over the entire reporting period. Depreciation and amortization are translated based on the historical exchange rate recorded saaat assets acquired.
However, this method does not consider the economic element. Using year-end exchange rate to translate the lancer assets implies that cash, receivables, and inventory in foreign currencies are equally at risk of exchange rate.
4. Monetary-nonmonetary method
Non-monetary method Monetary also use the balance sheet classification scheme fatherly determine the appropriate exchange rate translation. Monetary assets and liabilities are translated based on the exchange rate now. Items of non-monetary assets, long-term investment, and stock investors are translated using historical exchange rates. Items of income statements are translated using a procedure similar to that described for the concept of non-present now.
5. Temporal method
By using the temporal method, tranlasi currency conversion is a process of re-measurement or presentation of a certain value. This method does not change the attributes of an item being measured, but only change the unit of measurement. Translation of these balances in foreign currency-denominated causes repeated measurements such items but not the actual assessment. Under U.S. GAAP, measured by the amount of cash on hand at the balance sheet date. Receivables and liabilities are stated at amounts expected to be received or paid at maturity.


Evaluation and selection of foreign currency translation method

Under the temporal method, monetary items such as cash, receivables, and liabilities are translated based on the exchange now. Such items are translated at the exchange rate of monetary base that maintains in the first measurement. In particular, the value of assets in foreign currencies are reported at historical cost, are translated based on the historical exchange rate. Why is that? This is because historical cost in foreign currencies are translated at the exchange rate exchange rate historically produces historical cost in domestic currency.

These four methods discussed at one time been used in the United States and can be found even today in many countries. In general, these methods lead to the translation of foreign currency which is quite different. The first three methods (method of exchange rate now, the method now-non-date, and method-monetary non-monetary) are used in the identification of assets and liabilities which are at risk or may be protected from foreign exchange risk. Then, the translation method applied consistently by taking into account these differences.

WHICH IS BEST?

EXCHANGE RIGHT NOW
So far this term the exchange rate used in translation method refers to the historical or present exchange rate. The average rate is often used in the income statement for the posts load. Some countries use the exchange rate is different for different transactions. In this situation should be selected some existing exchange rate. Some suggested alternatives are:
A. rate of dividend payment
2. free market rate, and
3. penalty rates or preferences that can be used, such as those involved in import export activities.


Foreign currency translation relationship with inflation
The use of the exchange rate is now to translate the cost of non-monetary assets are located in berinflasi environment will ultimately lead to an equivalent value in domestic currency is much lower than the initial baseline measurement. At the same time, earnings will be much larger translated with respect to load depresisasi which is also lower. The translation as it can be more easily mislead readers as to give information to the reader. Assessment of the lower dollar typically lower earnings power akutal of foreign assets which are supported by local inflation and the ratio of return on investment that affected inflation in a foreign operation may create false expectations on future profits.
FASB rejected before the inflation adjustment process of translation, because the adjustment is not inconsistent with the historical cost basis of the assessment framework used in the basic financial statements in the U.S.. As a solution FAS No. 52 requires the use of the U.S. dollar as the functional currency for those residing overseas operations with hyperinflation environment. This procedure will maintain a constant value of the dollar equivalent of foreign currency assets, because these assets will be translated according to the historical rate. The imposition of losses on fixed assets in the translation of foreign currency to equity shareholders will cause a significant effect on financial ratios. Foreign currency translation problem can not be separated from the problem of accounting for foreign inflation.


Sources:
http://andamifardela.wordpress.com/2011/05/11/translasi-mata-uang-asing/
http://pojokinfo.wordpress.com/2008/03/03/translasi-valuta-asing/